A Study on Investment Pattern of Investors on Different Products

An investment refers to the commitment of funds at present, in anticipation of some positive rate of return in future. Today the spectrum of investment is indeed wide. An investment is confronted with array of investment avenues. Among all investment, investment in equity is in best high proportion. This is because the history of stock market is booming and bursts overnight millionaires, an instant pauper.

Indian economy is doing indeed well in recent years. The study has been undertaken to analyze the investment pattern of investment community. The main reasons behind the study are the factors like income, economy condition, and the risk covering nature of the Indian investors. The percentage of Indian investors investing in the Indian equity market is very less as compared to foreign investors.

This study has been undertaken in Asit C. Mehta Investment Interrmediates Ltd. (ACMIIL), which was incorporated in the year 1986. And the company, which is, diversified into many fields like securities, insurance, distribution, commodities and investment services.

This project contains the investors’ preferences and as well as the different factors that affect investors decision on the different investment avenues most of them investors are the clients of Asit C. Mehta Investment Interrmediates Ltd., which provides a complete bouquet of products in equity, debt, commodities, forex, depository, derivatives and allied services in India .

This study includes response of investor in choosing securities in each classification and analysis has been for the respective performance based on their returns. The findings relates to the outperforming products and investors risk taking ability while investing in each different products.
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A Study on Investment Behavior of Women Investors

Financial investment is the purchase of a financial security, such as a stock, bond, or mortgage. Investment in human capital is spending on education, training, health services, and other activities that increase the productivity of the workforce. It is the use of money for the purpose of making more money, to gain income, increase capital, or both. The purchasing of stocks, bonds, mutual funds, options, real estate, etc., made with the expectation of future income or capital gains is investment.

As a woman, and an investor, shaping of financial future is as important as the many other roles they play in life. That's why taking control today is essential for realizing their dreams for tomorrow. Whether women are just beginning to develop their investment strategy or are refining a current one, it's important to keep in mind that they should build a financial legacy for long term. At various stages of your life, you are faced with important investment and financial decisions. Your success in making these decisions with the help of a sound investment strategy can have a major impact on your income, net worth and, ultimately, quality of life in retirement.

Women today have more earning potential and more influence over financial decisions than ever before. Women represent almost half of the workforce and many businesses are owned or managed by women. Many women influence or control the majority of all consumer purchase decisions and many of the investment decisions. As a result, it is important for women to focus on finances now more than ever.

Throughout their lives, as a woman, they will be faced with different financial challenges than their male counterparts. If women are going to take control of their financial future, it’s important that they recognize those differences and empower themselves.

Earning money is only half the equation for achieving financial independence. Effectively putting your money to work for you is equally important. Though the size of household income matters, how to manage the money women have — to meet short-term obligations as well as long-term goals — determines how they live today and in the future. That's why taking control of their finances is so important. The challenges of investing are unique for each individual. In addition, circumstances are frequently different for women — and whatever choices you make will be better as a result of greater knowledge of the underlying issues and your options.

For this purpose a thorough understanding of financial planning is important for all investors. Financial planning is the process of meeting one’s life goals through the proper management of his/her finances. Life goals can include buying a home, saving for your child's education or planning for retirement. The financial planning process consists of six steps that help people to take a "big picture" look at where they are financially. Using these six steps, women can work out where they are now, what they may need in the future and what they must do to reach their goals.

The process involves gathering relevant financial information, setting life goals, examining current financial status by women and coming up with a strategy or plan for how they can meet their goals given their current situation and future plans. Financial and personal satisfaction is the result of an organized process that is commonly referred to as personal money management or personal financial planning.

Personal financial planning is the process of managing investor’s money to achieve personal economic satisfaction. This planning process allows him/her to control their financial situation. Every person, family, or household has a unique financial position, and any financial activity therefore must also be carefully planned to meet specific needs and goals.

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A project on Grievance Management System

Coffee is one of the healthy drinks among all the beverages. If we think about refreshment, coffee is the first thing comes to our mind. In rainy and winter seasons the usage of coffee is more and it has become a part of human beings life. Caffeine is a substance found in coffee plants, which stimulates the central nervous system.

Before 1200 A.D., the coffee industry had spread along the red sea to Aden and cargo in Ethiopia. Then coffee was sold through Mediterranean Sea. Most pilgrims had started to cultivate coffee in India about 1600 A.D. Large scale coffee cultivation started in Brazil. In 1729 A.D., it produced 200,000 bags and in 1825 A.D., it was 3 million bags. After 80 years, they started coffee export and reached 4 million bags. Brazil coffee market reached surplus because of uncontrolled production and cultivation of coffee. In past 20 years coffee trade from Africa has grown more rapidly than elsewhere and contributed rapidly to the growing surplus. The Central American countries have increased their share to world coffee exports from about 5% in 1990 A.D to about 14% in 1970. This growth had occurred with mild coffees, which command and favorable. The highest consumption of coffee is recorded in the U.S which had about 450 million consumers and the rest of the world about 2450 million consumers.

Today 25 million people worldwide are provided with direct employment in coffee and considering the farmers and the employment effect of coffee related services at least 100 million people depend in coffee as major source of income.

The world coffee production in 1999-2000 forecast at the rate of a 107.5 million bag and that is 14% above the revised 1998-99 crop and up 3% on the previous record of 1997-98. Brazil’s 1998-99 products are forecasted at the rate of 35.8 million bags and Columbia at the rate of 11.0 million bags. These two countries will account for approximately 44% of the world’s production, which is normally 36-37%. North American producing countries including Central America produces 20% of the world’s coffee production.

In  1990,  world  production  was  93  million  bags.  Where  world’s  domestic consumption was 21.5 million bags and world’s exportable production is 71.5 million bags. In 1990 Arabica captures 75.5% of the world production and rest 24.3% followed by Robusta.

Today coffee grown and exported by own to developing countries in the world. It is estimated that in 2002, over 95 million bags of coffee were consumed world wide. Of these, 21.5 million bags were consumed in coffee producing countries themselves while over 73.9 million bags were consumed in importing in 2001, which is followed by countries like German, France, Japan, UAE, and Italy.

Here we have concentrated on coffee, which is considered as a traditional drinks especially in south India. People here start their everyday life with a cup of coffee. Not only in south India but in all parts of the world people are so dependent and addicted to coffee that it acts as a daily schedule to everybody everywhere. But this coffee is not grown in all parts of the world but is grown in very few places with right kind or weather, atmosphere and most important of all, the soil of that region. It is usually grown in hill stations with adequate amount of rainfall and such places, which are high above sea level. Therefore in India, Karnataka is such a place, especially South Karnataka that produces the highest amount of coffee in whole India. Most parts of Karnataka such as Chikmagalur district and many parts in Hassan District, and also Coorg.

So people here feel proud to be citizen of such place where coffee takes its birth. So that being the main reason, I have concentrated on a organization which has its roots spread very vast in coffee industry and is a major player in worlds import/export of coffee and deals in coffee beans curing activities present in Hassan.

Indian coffee industry is defiantly a huge sized industry which plays a very major role in the world market of coffee. India at present is in 8th place in its contribution of coffee and its plantation in the whole world and 1st place being Brazil.

But not all parts of India produces coffee. It is grown mostly in south India and highest part of its growth from the whole India is in Karnataka, that is from districts of Hassan, Chickmagalur and Coorg. Rest is grown in states of Tamilnadu, Andrapradesh, Kerla and other northern parts such as Sikkim and Nagaland.

So as shown in the next table about the quantity of coffee that is produced in the whole India we come to know that the whole output of India is 2.88 lack tones coffee per annul, more than 2 lack tones is grown only in Karnataka and rest in other parts of India as mentioned in the table below. So among 2.06 lack tones of whole Karnataka’s coffee production, ABCTCL has a huge contribution to coffee exports among the many competitors in the same business as mentioned earlier.

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A Study on Formulation of Costing System

Modern business needs frequent cost information about business activities to plan accurately for the future, to control business results and to make a proper appraisal of the performance of persons working in the organization. The fulfillment of these goals requires details about the costs incurred and benefits (revenues) obtained which are provided by “cost accounting”.
Financial accounting is developed over the time to record, summarize and present the financial transactions or events, which can be expressed in terms of money. This function was primarily concerned with record-keeping leading to preparation of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The information obtained through financial accounts is useful to the shareholders, creditors, financial analysts, labour union, government authorities etc. However, the information generated by financial accountancy for several purposes is not sufficient for decision making in many areas, such as:

1. Acquisition of plant and machinery or other assets;
2. Determining product selection-addition or dropping or changing product combination in case of multi product company;
3. Determining output level;
4. Determining or revising prices of products;
5. Whether profit earned is optimum as compared with competitors as well as earlier years.

The need of data for such details led to the development of cost accountancy. The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants, London, has defined cost accountancy as the “application of costing and cost accounting principles, methods and techniques to the science, art and practice of cost control and ascertainment of profitability as well as presentation of information for the purpose of managerial decision-making”. Thus, it includes costing, cost accounting, budgetary control, cost control and cost audit.

The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants, London, has defined costing as the ascertainment of costs. Costing includes the “techniques” and “processes” of ascertaining costs. The ‘techniques’ refers to the principles and rules which are applied for ascertaining costs of products manufactured and services rendered. The ‘process’ includes the day to day routine of determining costs within the method of costing adopted by the business enterprise.

The law does not compel to install a costing system. However, the Government has the power to order installation of such system in such industries as the Government may deem fit. The system of costing is installed by the organizations on the grounds of its utility. A system of costing has to be designed to suit the needs of the organization. A good system of costing helps to achieve the objectives. It has the following essentials:
1. Flexibility- The system should have flexibility or adaptability to meet the changing needs of the organization. Expansion or contraction should be adopted with minimum change.
2. Integrated- It should be a well-knit integrated with financial accounting system. The original records are available under financial accounts. The need for co-relation between two cannot be over-emphasized.
3. Promptness- Any information or report is useful only if the same is furnished regularly and without any delay. The Cost Accounting System should ensure this aspect.
4. Accuracy- The system should ensure accurate information. To ensure this, the system should provide checks to verify data compiled in a systematic manner.
5. Smooth flow of data- Coat Accounting needs flow of data from every section in the organization and also reports on the performance of individuals. The objective of this system should be properly explained.
6. Continuous review- The system should be constantly reviewed and supervised, so that it gives what is expected of it. If it is not done, the system may become static.
7. Economy- The system should be economical and should not create financial burden on the organization.
8. Comparability- The system should enable the management to compare the data with the past. It should also facilitate departmental comparison.
9. Reconciliation- The system should facilitate reconciliation between cost accountancy and financial accounting easily.
10. Simplicity- The system should be as simple as possible.
11. Standardization- Forms and procedures under this system should be standardized.
12. Management support- The management at all levels should support the system and in its operations.

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A Study on Employees Absenteeism

Important characteristics of Indian workers are that, they are in the habit of abstaining from work compared to workers of other countries. The rate of Absenteeism ranges from 4.3% to 44.8%.It also varies with the seasons in the year, the highest being during May, June of every year. The main reasons for absenteeism are sickness, accidents or maternity.

These factors accounted for about 1.1 to 6.6%. Social and religious causes as high as 1.7% to14.2 %.Other causes like visiting villages for attending litigation, rest, and recreation account for 0.1% to17.5 % of total absenteeism. Absenteeism is directly effects on the progress of the country and as such the companies are facing a downward trend due to recession and all that are involved in the process are to be looked into. So I have selected this work at GO GO INTERNATIONAL Pvt. Ltd., Hassan to identify the level of absenteeism and to facilitate the company to move in this direction and find some progressive results. Naturally organization has to look in to these aspects and need to find suitable remedial measures so that qualitative and quantitative progress can be achieved. In this present study Employees Absenteeism is analysed in depth.

Indian textile industry can be compared to a pyramid of ice floating in water. “Only one tenth of the pyramid is visible, in the form of large textile mills in the organized sector. The body of the textile pyramid consists of the decentralized power loom and handloom sectors, which account for the bulk of India’s production. The base of the pyramid is the downstream apparel and household textile sectors.

The entire pyramid employs about fifteen million (as in 2007, it was estimated 20 million) workers-most of whom work in small firms in the decentralized sector”. Indeed, the structure of the Indian textile industry is as varied and deep-rooted as is its reform, challenging and daunting Indian textile and clothing industry is the largest foreign exchange earner for the country, and employs over 20 million people, second only to agriculture. India cannot afford to let this industry grow sick. That would be nothing short of a human tragedy. Until the era of globalization liberalization was launched at the opening of the current decade, the domestic market was a protected turf, and a seller’s market.

However, with the forces of globalization having been unleashed, and accentuated by the coming into force of the WTO in 1995, there is no looking back. The world has changed and is changing. In the borderless world, only the fittest would survive. Indian textile and clothing industry is beset with several shortcomings, in no small measure due to the lop-sided govt. policy in the post-1947 India.

But now it must change. It must change if it is not be blows away by the global market forces, both in the international market as well as by imports in the domestic territory.

And contrary to the common refrain of the industrialists in textile industry, the onus of infusing a refreshing change lies more on the industry (firms) than on the government. This is not to be little the significant role of a facilitator that govt alone can provide. But competitive strategy originates at the level of the firm. No amount of macroeconomic change can make the firms in the industry competitive. The govt. must evolve a national policy, which can act as a general guideline for the firms to define their unique positioning strategy. Given the national environment, the firms must control their own destiny, or someone else will.

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