A Study on ULIP Policies Offered by ICICI and HDFC Banks

Risk and uncertainty are incidental to life. Man may meet an ultimately death. He may suffer from accident, destruction of property, fire, sea perils, floods, earthquakes and other natural calamities. Whenever there is uncertainty, there is a risk as well as insecurity. It is to provide against risk and insecurity that insurance.

Came into being. Insurance does not avert or eliminate loss arising from uncertain events; it only spreads the loss over a large number of people who insure themselves against that risk, the main principle underlying insurance is pooling the risks. It is thus a co-operative device to spread the loss caused by a risk over a large number of persons who are also exposed to the same risk and insure themselves against the risk.

This part consists of the details about the Industry profile and company profile, Function of various departments of the company are explained in the section which gives a brief idea about the overall functioning of the company. This part also consists of the organization structure and the organization study of the company with respect to 7-s model of McKinney.

The company should included the special features in the policy like money back, unit linked plans, benefits on critical illness, Major Surgical benefits.

Effective promotional measures should be taking to expand the market share, in order over come competitors. More numbers of branches should be opened and more no of customers are not aware of HDFC pru life insurance polices

HDFC is carrying out less advertisements as compared to the other insurance companies as buyer show buying inertia resistances to buy insurance, hence heavy advertisements expenses is required. The above mentions are including in the recommendation.

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A Study of Technical Analysis in different sector's stocks

Fundamental analysis is one of the important techniques, which is used to study the future behavior of the stocks. It actually refers to analyses of present and future earning capacity of the stocks based on the analysis of economy, industry and company as a whole there by to determine the intrinsic values of the stocks.

In other words, fundamental analysis is mainly concerned with the determination of intrinsic value of the stocks by analyzing the fundamental factors of economy, industry and company as a whole. The intrinsic value of the stocks represents the real worth or economic value, which is used by the fundamental analysts to identify the under priced and overpriced securities in the market. It means, if the intrinsic value of the stock is more than the market value, it considered as under priced and included in the portfolio. On the other hand, if the intrinsic value of a stock is less then the market value then it is considered as overpriced and excluded from the portfolio.

Thus, fundamental analysis is mainly concerned with the determination of intrinsic value of stocks and based on that intrinsic value investment decisions are taken by the fundamental analysts.

It is another important technique, which is used to predict the future performance of the stocks. It is mainly concerned with the study of historical price movements of the stocks and on its volume of trade in the market to predict the future trend movements of the stocks. However, it does not consider any fundamental factors of the company like earnings, dividends, growth rates etc.

It means, technical analysts first predicts the future trend movements of the stocks by using historical data and then take buy decision if trend movement shows upward direction and sell decision if trend movement shows downward direction.

In other words, technical analysis does not involve in determination of any intrinsic value of the stocks instead it studies the past price movements, volume and other chart patterns to predict the future performance of the stocks.

Historical stock prices, volume of trade in the market, Charts, graphs etc, are the important inputs, which are required to perform technical analysis. Charting is the key activity in technical analysis and in fact there is no technical analysis with out charts.

Thus technical analysis mainly concentrates on the study of historical price movements and on its volume to identity future trend movements and based on this trend movements investment decisions are taken by technical analysts.

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A Project on Inventory Management

The necessity of effective inventory management is being increasingly realized in industrial and non-industrial organization both in India and abroad. This realization has come about because of increasing complexity of the task of managers and administrators. In most organization, the problem of effective inventory control is now viewed as the most critical problem with changes in social climate. While these can be great assets to the organizations, they become problems if the organization is not able to manage inventory properly.

Liquidity and profitability are the two vital aspects of corporate business. Any business cannot run without these two. A firm may run without profits for sometime; but with no liquidity, the firm cannot run their business. That is why management of inventory is an integral part of corporate planning in business life.

The proper inventory control system leads to an optimum utilization of resources. Idle materials are of a financial burden to the organization. Thus proper, inventory management directly assists in efficient functioning of the company. S.L. Goel says “takecare of the forest, the tree will take care of itself”, it should be the main motto of an inventory controller.

In inventory management, various methods and techniques can be adopted to control the inventory like, prompt maintenance of registrars, proper raw material arrangement, and fixation of various control levels and application of inventory control techniques and bin card system etc, which are relevant for inventory control in stores department.

Inventory management will help an organization in dealing with the supply of the raw materials and other activity in order to achieve the maximum co-ordination and optimum expenditure on materials to increase the profits of the firm. CLA‟s inventory control system is chosen for the study; by the investigator is no expectation in view of growing significance of the efficient control of inventories. Hence, the researcher was prompted to take up this topic.

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A Project Report on Performance Appraisal in BSNL

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi. It was incorporated on 15 September 2000 and assumed the business of providing telecom services and network management from the erstwhile Central Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO) as of 1 October 2000 on a going-concern basis.

It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and broadband services with more than 60% market share, and is the fifth largest mobile telephony provider in India. However, in recent years, the company's revenues and market share have plummeted resulting in heavy losses as a result of intense competition in the privatizing Indian telecommunications sector. BSNL is India's oldest communication service provider and had a customer base of 93.29 million as of June 2015. It has footprints throughout India, except for Mumbai and New Delhi, where telecommunicatons are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL).

BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM cellular mobile services under the brand name Cellone. BSNL provides a complete telecom services solution to enterprise customers including MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixedline services and landline using CDMA technology and its own extensive optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connections as prepaid, NetOne as Postpaid and DataOne as BSNL Broadband.

BSNL offers value-added services such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rate Service (PRM) and Universal Access Number (UAN). BSNL also offers the IPTV which enables customers to watch television through the Internet and Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP). In 2007, BSNL announced plans to provide 5 million broadband connections and secured 80% of the INR 25 billion rural telephony project of the Government of India. On 20 March 2009, BSNL launched blackberry services across India. BSNL paid Rs. 101.87 billion for 3G spectrum in 2010. As of 2011, BSNL offered coverage in over 800 cities across India. BSNL launched in 2012 a 3G wireless pocket-sized router called Winknet Mf50. BSNL 3G provides HSPA+ service with a top speed of 21.1 Mbit/s downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s uplink.

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A Study On Performance Appraisal System

Once upon a time there were two beekeepers that each had a beehive. The beekeepers worked for a company called Bees, Inc. The company's customers loved its honey and demand for the product was increasing. So Bees, Inc. assigned each beekeeper a goal for increased honey production. The beekeepers had different ideas about how to meet their goal and designed different approaches to improve the performance of their hives.

The first beekeeper established a bee performance management approach that measured the number of flowers each bee visited. At considerable cost to the beekeeper, an extensive measurement system was created to count the flowers each bee visited. He also provided feedback to each bee at mid-season on his individual performance. He also created special awards for the bees who visited the most number of flowers. However, the bees were never told about the hive's goal to produce more honey so that the company could increase honey sales.

The second beekeeper also established a bee performance management approach but this approach communicated to each bee the goal of the hive for increased honey production. The beekeeper and his bees measured two aspects of their performance the amount of nectar each bee brought back to the hive and the amount of honey the hive produced. The performance of each bee and the hive's overall performance were charted and posted on the hive's bulletin board for all the bees to see.

The beekeeper created a few awards for the bees that gathered the most nectar. But he also established a hive incentive program that rewarded each bee in the hive based on the hive's overall honey production the more honey produced, the more recognition each bee would receive.

At the end of the season, the beekeepers evaluated their approaches. The first beekeeper found that his hive had indeed increased the number of flowers visited ,but the amount of honey produced by the hive had dropped. The Queen Bee reported that because the bees were so busy trying to visit as many flowers as possible, they limited the amount of nectar they would carry so they could fly faster. Also, since only the top performers would be recognized, the bees felt they were competing against each other for awards. As a result, they would not share valuable information with each other that could have helped improve the performance of all the bees (like the location of the flower filled fields they'd spotted on the way back to the hive).

As the beekeeper handed out the awards to individual bees, unhappy buzzing was heard in the background. After all was said and done, one of the high performing bees told the beekeeper that if he had known that the real goal was to make more honey, he would have worked totally differently. The second beekeeper, however, had very different results. Because each bee in his hive was focused on the hive's goal of producing more honey.

This Bess had concentrated their efforts on gathering more nectar in order to produce more honey than ever before. The bees worked together to determine the highest nectar yielding flowers and to create quicker processes for depositing the nectar they had gathered. They also worked together to help increase the amount of nectar gathered by the poorer performers. Tile Queen Bee of this hive reported that the poor performers either improved their performance or transferred to hive No.1, because the hive had reached its goal. The beekeeper rewarded each bee his portion of the hive incentive. The keeper was also surprised to hear a loud, happy buzz and a jubilant flapping of wings as he rewarded the individual high-performing bees with special recognition.

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A Study on Level of Job Satisfaction in Quality Dept Employees

Indian textile industry can be compared to a pyramid of ice floating in water. “Only one tenth of the pyramid is visible, in the form of large textile mills in the organized sector. The body of the textile pyramid consists of the decentralized power loom and hand loom sectors, which account for the bulk of India’s production. The base of the pyramid is the downstream apparel and household textile sectors. The entire pyramid employs about fifteen million (as in 2007, it was estimated 20 million) workers-most of whom work in small firms in the decentralized sector”. Indeed, the structure of the Indian textile industry is as varied and deep-rooted as is its reform, challenging and daunting Indian textile and clothing industry is the largest foreign exchange earner for the country, and employs over 20 million people, second only to agriculture. India cannot afford to let this industry grow sick.

That would be nothing short of a human tragedy. Until the era of globalization liberalization was launched at the opening of the current decade, the domestic market was a protected turf, and a seller’s market.

However, with the forces of globalization having been unleashed, and accentuated by the coming into force of the WTO in 1995, there is no looking back. The world has changed and is changing. In the borderless world, only the fittest would survive. Indian textile and clothing industry is beset with several shortcomings, in no small measure due to the lop-sided govt. policy in the post-1947 India.

But now it must change. It must change if it is not be blows away by the global market forces, both in the international market as well as by imports in the domestic territory.

And contrary to the common refrain of the industrialists in textile industry, the onus of infusing a refreshing change lies more on the industry (firms) than on the government. This is not to be little the significant role of a facilitator that govt alone can provide. But competitive strategy originates at the level of the firm.

No amount of macroeconomic change can make the firms in the industry competitive. The govt. must evolve a national policy, which can act as a general guideline for the firms to define their unique positioning strategy. Given the national environment, the firms must control their own destiny, or someone else will.

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A Study on Derivatives Market in India

Among all the innovations that have flooded the international financial markets, financial derivatives occupy the driver's seat. These specialized instruments facilitate the shuffling and redistribution of the risks that an investor faces. Thus aids in the process of diversifying one’s portfolio. The volatility in the equity markets over the past years has resulted in greater use of equity derivatives. The volume of the exchange traded equity futures and options in most of the mature markets have seen a significant growth.

It goes beyond that the local derivative in the emerging markets have witnessed widespread use of the derivative instrument for a variety of reasons. This continuous growth and development by the emerging market participants has resulted in capital inflows as well as helped the investors in risk protection through hedging.

Derivatives trading commenced in India in June 2000 after SEBI granted the approval to this effect in May 2000. SEBI permitted the derivative trading on two stock exchanges, i.e. and BSE, and NSE, their clearing house/corporation to commence trading and settlement in approved derivative contracts. Begin with SEBI’s approved trading in index futures contracts based on S&P CNX Nifty Index and BSE-30 (Sensex) Index. This was followed by approval for trading in options based on these two indices and options on individual securities.

The trading in index options commenced in June 2001 and trading in options on individual securities would commence in July 2000. While trading in futures of individual stocks started from November 2001. In June 2003, SEBI and/RBI approved the trading on interest rate derivative instruments only in NSE. Introduced trading of interest rate futures contracts on June 24, 2003 on 91-day Notional T-Bills and 10-year Notional 6% coupon bearing as well as zero coupon Bonds. Futures and Options were also introduced on CNX IT Index in August 2003. The total exchange traded derivatives witnessed a value of Rs.5, 423, 333 million during 2002-03 as against Rs. 1,038,480 million during the preceding year. While NSE accounted for about 99.5% of total turnover, BSE accounted for less than 1% in2002-03.

The market witnessed higher trading levels from June 2001 with introduction of index options, and still higher volumes with the introduction of stock options in July 2001. In the year 2002 has been a remarkable year for the global derivatives market. This year witnessed NSE making huge strides and also moved upward in the global ranking. According to the Futures Industry Associations in the year 2002, NSE ranked 30th in the global futures and options volume, whereas it ranks 2nd in the world, in terms of stock futures.

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Procedures for Handling Disciplinary Matters in Engineering Industry

Brakes are devices whose function it is to slow down and to stop the automobile. They are mandatory for the safe operation of vehicles. When a vehicle is in motion, it has kinetic energy or energy derived from this motion. In order for the vehicles to slow down, this energy must be decreased. This is accomplished by transforming it into another form. In the case of brakes, this form is heat. In short, brakes transform the kinetic energy of the vehicles into heat energy, thus slowing its speed and if enough is transferred, bringing it to a stop.

Brakes have been refined and improved ever since their invention. The increases in traveling speeds as well as the growing weights of cars have made this improvement essential. The faster a vehicle goes and the heavier it is, the harder it is to stop. An effective braking system is needed to accomplish this task.

Brakes operate by converting the kinetic energy (motion) of an automobile into heat energy. How effectively this is achieved depends on the type of braking system. There are two main types of brakes that have been used in cars. These are disc brakes and drum brakes.

Disc brakes operate in a similar fashion to that of a bicycle. It involves pushing a block against a spinning wheel. This contact causes friction, which changes kinetic energy into heat energy.
Drum brakes have their blocks located in the inside of a drum like the disc in disc brakes, the drum in drum brakes are attached to the wheels. When the brake pedal is pressed the curved brake shoes are pushed outward so that they make contract with the rotating drum.

Not only are their different types of brakes, but there are various systems that operate these brakes. These include mechanical, hydraulic, and power brake system.
The Indian auto component sector is expected to grow at a healthy clip of above 20% in the coming years on the back of a strong demand from both the domestic and international markets. This has already been evident from the industry’s performance over the last two years when it crossed 20% growth rates.

Domestically, the number of vehicles manufactured in India has risen dramatically to 8.5 million units in 2004-05 from 2.4 million units in 1993-94. In the past, the industry was severely hamstrung by its over dependence on the domestic automobile sector and its swings and cyclicality.

However, this has changed quite dramatically in the recent past and the future growth is pagged largely on exports. While on one hand this takes care of the oscillating fortunes of the Indian auto sector, on the other hand, it diversifies risk, which promotes stability and ensures better growth and margins for companies.

The automobile industry was also aided by some positive, proactive policy decisions by government. In 2002, the automobile policy opened the automobile sector to 100 percent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and also removed the minimum capital investment norms for new entrants. Besides, the abolition of licensing and removal of quantitative restrictions helped the industry restructure and absorb new technology.

The market for automotive components can be divided into three categories largely based on the identity of the buyer – the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM or the vehicle manufacturer), replacement (vehicle owners buying parts for maintenance and repair) and exports (Foreign Vehicle Manufacturers and International Tier-1 Suppliers).

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A Study on After Sales and Service in TVS

Customers are support following the purchase of a product or service. In some cases, After-sales service can be almost as important as the initial purchase. The Manufacturer, retailer, or service provider determines what is included in any Warranty (or guarantee) package. This will include the duration of the warranty ―Traditionally one year from the date of purchase, but increasingly two or more Years ―maintenance and/or replacement policy, items included/excluded, labor Costs and speed of response. In the case of a service provider, after-sales service might include additional training or help desk availability of equal importance and also the customer's perception of the degree of willingness with which a supplier deals with a question or complaint, speed of response, and action taken.

Problem Statement

This study develops and tests a conceptual framework relating after sales service in TVS two wheeler urban marketing activities. Specifically, the study tests the relationship between the customer and service provider in the company. This study also offerings the market competition towards relative product quality and market power in the urban distribution channel. Results generally support the brand loyalty of the product and originality of spare parts.The After sales service found to enhance consumer perception of product quality and quality of the service.

Customers support following the purchase of a product or service. In some cases, after-sales service can be almost as important as the initial purchase. The manufacturer, retailer, or service provider determines what is included in any warranty (or guarantee) package. This will include the duration of the warranty€"traditionally one year from the date of purchase, but increasingly two or more years ―maintenance and/or replacement policy, items included/excluded, labor costs, and speed of response.

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Brand Awareness of Mahindra & Mahindra Tractors

India being an agriculture dependent country, farm equipment’s such as tractors have played a very crucial and significant role due to which where we can find the consistency and efficiency in the economy.

In today’s competitive world, a firm has to attract the interest of the customers and satisfy by providing effective service to them consistently as per their taste and requirements. They have to understand and know customer needs and preferences.

Marketing occupies an important position in the organization with regard to business. Peter Ducker, points out that the purpose of marketing or business is “to create a customer”. Few decades back the seller was the king of the market, the simple reason for this was lack of competition.

Marketing is the human activity directed at satisfying human wants through the exchange of goods and service. Marketing management occupies the most important position in business management. Marketing management in a firm is critical as it deals with customers and their needs. The major task of marketing management is to adopt firm‘s resources to market opportunities

The essence of marketing concept is that the customer and not the product shall be the heart of the entire business system. It emphasizes on customer oriented marketing process, plans. Policies and programs, which are formulated to serve efficiently the customer demand.

―Marketing is so basic that it cannot be considered as a separate function. It is the whole business seen from the point view of its final results i.e., from the customer‘s point of view‖.

A consumer is the king and has the right to choose from a large variety of offering. He is the central point and all marketing activities revolve around him. Today market is a more consumer oriented in the sense all the business operations revolve around the customer satisfaction and service.

Thus, marketing is often dynamic, challenging and rewarding. It can also be frustrating and even disappointing but never dull. The topic “A study on the brand awareness of Mahindra & Mahindra Tractors” is chosen to study the Brand Awareness adopted in Sri Ganesh Agro Tractors, dealers for Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. This project deals with how Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. defines its consumer target and uses its marketing tools in the best way to attract and satisfy their needs and wants competitively and profitably. Here marketing functions are limited to the function of buying and selling, but they include all functions necessary to satisfy the customer such as financing, after sales services, etc.

Customer oriented marketing approach points out the primary task of business enterprise is to study needs, besides the value of potential customer on the basis of latest and accurate knowledge of marketing demand.

Marketing management usually represents all managerial efforts and functions to operate the marketing concept, not only in letters but also in the spirit. Marketing concept demands customer oriented marketing plans, programs and policies so that the merchants can assume perfect correlation between demand and supply.

Thus, marketing is a matching process by which a producer provides a marketing mix i.e., product, price, promotion and physical distribution that meet consumer‘s demand of a target market within the limits of society.

Finding out ―A study on the brand awareness of Mahindra & Mahindra Tractors‖ is the important statement of the problem in this project.

This will help the firm or company to improve their marketing strategies as well as servicing strategies adopted by them. It also helps them to know their current position in the market.

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A Comparative Study Of Interest Rates On Housing Loans

Few decades back, buying a home was not a very easy task as there were hardly any lenders available to loan the ever increasing astronomical lump sum of money. However, with time, the rising property prices and the burgeoning housing finance market in the country, made the phenomenon of the home loans easy and the dream of buying a home possible. Also, the HFC’s (Housing Finance Companies) and banks have come up with so many home loan plans that they have become an answer to every customer’s necessity. Apart from this, the changing equation of market has also provided customers with several reasons to opt for a home loan. Here are few reasons to why home loans have gradually became a necessity in the society.

The need for home loans arises not because property prices are heading upwards all the time but because home loans make great sense from a long-term savings perspective. Not only are home loans a handy tool for the common man to own a roof over his head but they also help save money in the long run.

With skyrocketing real estate prices, people are increasingly opting for housing loans to acquire their dream home. Interest rates are coming down all the time and the housing finance companies are literally falling over each other to lure the prospective home-seekers.

Like all other commercial banks PNB is also having home loans in their portfolio. Frequent changes in regulation made by central bank affect the banks to a larger extent because banks have to follow according to the directions given by the central bank which reduces the profit of the bank.

Now a days banks cannot charge their own management interest rates they are force to look the market and follow according to the RBI rules and regulations, this has unable them to balance both the income and expenses, for eg., now the fixed deposit interest rate is 10.5% and is housing loan interest rate is 8.5%, they have the bear the loss of -2% which the banks have to pay themselves. Middle class people cannot afford to the current interest rate, it is too expensive for them.

To broaden the customer base the vast middle income strata should be fully exploited who are very sentimental about house property in India Simplify the procedure, reduce service charges, and demand only the basic essential proof. Most banks are reluctant to advance loan to the service class e.g. lawyers, police officers etc.. This aspect must be exploited.

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A Study on Empirical Testing of Capital Asset Pricing Model

A portfolio is a bundle or a combination of individual assets or securities. The portfolio theory provides a normative approach to investors to make decisions to invest their wealth in assets or securities under risk.

It is based after the assumption that investors are risk-averse. This implies that investors hold well diversified portfolio instead of investing their entire wealth in a single or a few assets. One important conclusion of the portfolio theory is that if the investor of the portfolio theory is that if the investor holds a well-diversified portfolio of assets then their concerns should be the expected rate of return and risk of the portfolio, rather than individual assets and the contribution of individual asset to the portfolio risk. The second assumption of the portfolio theory is that the returns of assets are normally distributed. This means that the mean and variance analysis is the foundation of the portfolio decisions. Further, we can extend the portfolio theory to derive a framework for valuing risk assets. This framework is referred to as CAPM.

The CAPM is a model that provides a framework to determine the required rate of return on an asset and indicates the relationship between return and risk of the asset. The required rate of return specified by CAPM help in valuing an asset. Once can also compare the expected return and determine whether the asset is fairly valued. As we exemplifies the relationship between an asset’s required rate of return.

Risk is of many kinds, they can be classified as systematic or unsystematic risk. Systematic risk covers the risks of market, interest rate risk and purchasing power risk and unsystematic risk consist of business and financial risk. The systematic risk is therefore, effecting the total environment and is outside the control of one firm on individual. Unsystematic risk is inherent to the system. It may be due to bad financial planning or wrong management decisions. These risks are internal and can be avoided or controlled.

Risk is fundamental to the process of investment. Every investor should have an understanding of the various pitfalls of investment. For the convenience of the investors, analysts measure risks to able to combine securities and to reach that portfolio which suit’s the individual needs of an investor risk is measured through beta test.

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Customer Satisfaction on Services Provided by Maruti Suzuki and Tata Motors

Maruti Suzuki India Limited, formerly known as Maruti Udyog Limited, is an automobile manufacturer in India. It is a 56.21%-owned subsidiary of Japanese automobile and motorcycle manufacturer Suzuki Motor Corporation. As of January 2017, it had a market share of 51% of the Indian passenger car market. Maruti Suzuki manufactures and sells popular cars such as the Ciaz, Ertiga, Wagon R, Alto, Swift, Celerio, Swift Dzire, Omni, Baleno and Baleno RS, Ignis. The company is headquartered at New Delhi. In February 2012, the company sold its ten millionth vehicle in India.

Tata Motors Limited (formerly TELCO, short for Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company) headquartered in Mumbai, is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company and a member of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, sports cars, construction equipment and military vehicles. Tata Motors has been ranked 5th in 2015 Responsible Business Rankings developed by IIM Udaipur.

Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad, and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa, Great Britain and Thailand. It has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and Dharwad, India and in South Korea, Great Britain and Spain. Tata Motors' principal subsidiaries purchased the English premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover (the maker of Jaguar and Land Rover cars) and the South Korean commercial vehicle manufacturer Tata Daewoo. Tata Motors has a bus-manufacturing joint venture with Marcopolo S.A. (Tata Marcopolo), a construction-equipment manufacturing joint venture with Hitachi (Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery), and a joint venture with Fiat Chrysler which manufactures automotive components and Fiat Chrysler and Tata branded vehicles.

Founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 with the launch of the Tata Sierra, becoming the first Indian manufacturer to achieve the capability of developing a competitive indigenous automobile. In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, the world's cheapest car. Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008.

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A Study on Budgetary Control on Milk Dairy

“Shimoga Milk Union Limited” is a cooperative sector undertaking, engaged in the processing of Milk & manufacturing the Milk products, it recently launched three new variants of Nandini Milk. The Shimoga milk union is located in the central part of Karnataka. The corporate office of the union is based at Machenalli, covering three districts of Shimoga, Davangere and Chitradurga.
The Budgetary Control is playing a vital role in the organization. The role of Budgetary Control is the essence of a business. The information is the blood and Budgetary Control is the heart. In the body the hart plays the role of supplying pure blood to all the elements of the body including the brain. The Budgetary Control plays exactly the same role in the organization. The system ensures that an appropriate data is collected from the various sources, processed and sent further to all the needy destinations.

The system is expected to fulfill information needs of an individual, a group of individual, a group of financial functionaries, the managers and the top management. So the Budgetary Control is very important in modern organizations. Thus, I have been chosen the Budgetary Control as the specific area of the study. Therefore, a study has been taken up on “A STUDY ON BUDGETARY CONTOL OF SHIMUL”.

The study is taken for “Shimoga milk Union ltd” wherein an attempt has been made to understand the Budgetary Control and a small study has been under taken. So as to get an insight into Budgetary control.

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An Effective Study on Promotional Activities of Nandini Milk

Sales promotion is an important component of a small business's overall marketing strategy, along with advertising, public relations, and personal selling. The American Marketing Association (AMA) defines sales promotion as "media and non-media marketing pressure applied for a predetermined, limited period of time in order to stimulate trial, increase consumer demand, or improve product quality." But this definition does not capture all the elements of modern sales promotion. One should add that effective sales promotion increases the basic value of a product for a limited time and directly stimulates consumer purchasing, selling effectiveness, or the effort of the sales force. It can be used to inform, persuade, and remind target customers about the business and its marketing mix. Some common types of sales promotion include samples, coupons, sweepstakes, contests, in-store displays, trade shows, price-off deals, premiums, and rebates.

Businesses can target sales promotions at three different audiences: consumers, resellers, and the company's own sales force. Sales promotion acts as a competitive weapon by providing an extra incentive for the target audience to purchase or support one brand over another. It is particularly effective in spurring product trial and unplanned purchases. Most marketers believe that a given product or service has an established perceived price or value, and they use sales promotion to change this price-value relationship by increasing the value and/or lowering the price. Compared to the other components of the marketing mix (advertising, publicity, and personal selling), sales promotion usually operates on a shorter time line, uses a more rational appeal, returns a tangible or real value, fosters an immediate sale, and contributes highly to profitability.

In determining the relative importance to place on sales promotion in the overall marketing mix, a small business should consider its marketing budget, the stage of the product in its life cycle, the nature of competition in the market, the target of the promotion, and the nature of the product. For example, sales promotion and direct mail are particularly attractive alternatives when the marketing budget is limited, as it is for many small businesses. In addition, sales promotion can be an effective tool in a highly competitive market, when the objective is to convince retailers to carry

Product or influence consumers to select it over those of competitors. 

Similarly, sales promotion is often used in the growth and maturity stages of the product life cycle to stimulate consumers and resellers to choose that product over the competition—rather than in the introduction stage, when mass advertising to build awareness might be more important. Finally, sales promotion tends to work best when it is applied to impulse items whose features can be judged at the point of purchase, rather than more complex, expensive items that might require hands-on demonstration.

At present in this competitive business world the milk industry has more brands in the battle field facing stiff competition in every segment’s targeted. Even brand Nandini is also facing stiff competition to retain brand in the market.

There are many players in the market in this industry and their own promotional strategies where is to inducing the different consumer segment. Hence due to this it is crucial to analyze the promotional strategies of Nandini and its competitors to penetrate the targeted market.

In this juncture it has to identify its competitors in this market by bringing brand awareness in the minds of consumers and also it has to cope up with the updated advertising and sales promotional strategies.

Through this study, the main problem that it studies during this project work is to find out the effectiveness of the reach of different sales promotion techniques to the consumers and the awareness of brand among the consumers of Hassan district.

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Customer Satisfaction After Sales & Services of Mahindra & Mahindra Tractors

This study will help to find the level of Customer satisfaction of the Customers in the authorized M&M service station in Hassan dist. To know the reason for decline of customers at service station, to know the perception of customers regarding the charges or rates offered by the service station and to know any suggestion from customers to improve the service.

The study is scheduled through primary data and other information thereby preparing Questionnaire, which focuses of various variables, and attributes that are important to know the satisfaction level and the factors affecting the purchase decision.

Serving the consumer demand with the help of marketing channels, and then in turn, expanding the market even in the face of keen Competition. The marketing objectives, developed the marketing plan, or program and control the marketing program to assure the accomplishment of the marketing objectives.

Marketing begins with the customer, not with production cost, sales, technological and marks and it ends with customer Satisfaction and social well-being.

Marketing covers all business activities necessary for ascertaining market demand, planning, and product availability, affecting transfer of ownership of products, providing for their physical distribution and facilitating the entire marketing process.

Tractor, a self-propelled unit used to pull loads, to carry and operate tillage, cultivating and harvesting machinery and to provide power through the suitable belt pulley, power take off, or other power outlet, to drive stationary and drawn implements and machines, As distinguished from “traction engines", which were self propelled steam engine tractor are powered with internal combustion engines. The word" Tractor" was coined by combining parts of the words TRACTION and MOTOR, and was first noted in a patents issued in the united states in 1890.

This project report is an academic excursive for discussing in general in marketing of tractor and probing into the marketing of Mahindra tractors in particular. The secondary and primary data have been collected for the purpose and this recommendation have been given for the improvement of marketing strategy of tractors in Ganesh agro tractors and services in particular.

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Industry Analysis Conducted at Vodafone

The Indian Telecommunications network with 110.01 million connections is the fifth largest in the world and the second largest among the emerging economies of Asia. Today, it is the fastest growing market in the world and represents unique opportunities for U.S. companies in the stagnant global scenario. The total subscriber base, which has grown by 60% in 2008, is expected to reach 450 million in 2009.According to Broadband Policy 2004, Government of India aims at 9 million broadband connections and 18 million internet connections by 2009. The wireless subscriber base has jumped from 33.69 million in 2004 to 82.57 million in FY2008-2009. In the last 3 years, two out of every three new telephone subscribers were wireless subscribers. Consequently, wireless now accounts for 54.6% of the total telephone subscriber base, as compared to only 40% in 2007. 

Wireless subscriber growth is expected to bypass 3.5 million new subscribers per month by 2009. The wireless technologies currently in use are Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). There are primarily 9 GSM and 5 CDMA operators providing mobile services in 19 telecom circles and 4 metro cities, covering 2000 towns across the country.

There are three types of players in telecom services:

•  -State owned companies (BSNL and MTNL)

•  -Private Indian owned companies (Reliance Infocomm, Tata Teleservices,)

•   -Foreign invested companies (Hutchison-Essar, Bharti Tele-Ventures, Escotel, Idea Cellular, BPL Mobile, Spice Communications)

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