A Comparative Study Of Interest Rates On Housing Loans

Few decades back, buying a home was not a very easy task as there were hardly any lenders available to loan the ever increasing astronomical lump sum of money. However, with time, the rising property prices and the burgeoning housing finance market in the country, made the phenomenon of the home loans easy and the dream of buying a home possible. Also, the HFC’s (Housing Finance Companies) and banks have come up with so many home loan plans that they have become an answer to every customer’s necessity. Apart from this, the changing equation of market has also provided customers with several reasons to opt for a home loan. Here are few reasons to why home loans have gradually became a necessity in the society.

The need for home loans arises not because property prices are heading upwards all the time but because home loans make great sense from a long-term savings perspective. Not only are home loans a handy tool for the common man to own a roof over his head but they also help save money in the long run.

With skyrocketing real estate prices, people are increasingly opting for housing loans to acquire their dream home. Interest rates are coming down all the time and the housing finance companies are literally falling over each other to lure the prospective home-seekers.

Like all other commercial banks PNB is also having home loans in their portfolio. Frequent changes in regulation made by central bank affect the banks to a larger extent because banks have to follow according to the directions given by the central bank which reduces the profit of the bank.

Now a days banks cannot charge their own management interest rates they are force to look the market and follow according to the RBI rules and regulations, this has unable them to balance both the income and expenses, for eg., now the fixed deposit interest rate is 10.5% and is housing loan interest rate is 8.5%, they have the bear the loss of -2% which the banks have to pay themselves. Middle class people cannot afford to the current interest rate, it is too expensive for them.

To broaden the customer base the vast middle income strata should be fully exploited who are very sentimental about house property in India Simplify the procedure, reduce service charges, and demand only the basic essential proof. Most banks are reluctant to advance loan to the service class e.g. lawyers, police officers etc.. This aspect must be exploited.

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A Study on Empirical Testing of Capital Asset Pricing Model

A portfolio is a bundle or a combination of individual assets or securities. The portfolio theory provides a normative approach to investors to make decisions to invest their wealth in assets or securities under risk.

It is based after the assumption that investors are risk-averse. This implies that investors hold well diversified portfolio instead of investing their entire wealth in a single or a few assets. One important conclusion of the portfolio theory is that if the investor of the portfolio theory is that if the investor holds a well-diversified portfolio of assets then their concerns should be the expected rate of return and risk of the portfolio, rather than individual assets and the contribution of individual asset to the portfolio risk. The second assumption of the portfolio theory is that the returns of assets are normally distributed. This means that the mean and variance analysis is the foundation of the portfolio decisions. Further, we can extend the portfolio theory to derive a framework for valuing risk assets. This framework is referred to as CAPM.

The CAPM is a model that provides a framework to determine the required rate of return on an asset and indicates the relationship between return and risk of the asset. The required rate of return specified by CAPM help in valuing an asset. Once can also compare the expected return and determine whether the asset is fairly valued. As we exemplifies the relationship between an asset’s required rate of return.

Risk is of many kinds, they can be classified as systematic or unsystematic risk. Systematic risk covers the risks of market, interest rate risk and purchasing power risk and unsystematic risk consist of business and financial risk. The systematic risk is therefore, effecting the total environment and is outside the control of one firm on individual. Unsystematic risk is inherent to the system. It may be due to bad financial planning or wrong management decisions. These risks are internal and can be avoided or controlled.

Risk is fundamental to the process of investment. Every investor should have an understanding of the various pitfalls of investment. For the convenience of the investors, analysts measure risks to able to combine securities and to reach that portfolio which suit’s the individual needs of an investor risk is measured through beta test.

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Customer Satisfaction on Services Provided by Maruti Suzuki and Tata Motors

Maruti Suzuki India Limited, formerly known as Maruti Udyog Limited, is an automobile manufacturer in India. It is a 56.21%-owned subsidiary of Japanese automobile and motorcycle manufacturer Suzuki Motor Corporation. As of January 2017, it had a market share of 51% of the Indian passenger car market. Maruti Suzuki manufactures and sells popular cars such as the Ciaz, Ertiga, Wagon R, Alto, Swift, Celerio, Swift Dzire, Omni, Baleno and Baleno RS, Ignis. The company is headquartered at New Delhi. In February 2012, the company sold its ten millionth vehicle in India.

Tata Motors Limited (formerly TELCO, short for Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company) headquartered in Mumbai, is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company and a member of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, sports cars, construction equipment and military vehicles. Tata Motors has been ranked 5th in 2015 Responsible Business Rankings developed by IIM Udaipur.

Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad, and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa, Great Britain and Thailand. It has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and Dharwad, India and in South Korea, Great Britain and Spain. Tata Motors' principal subsidiaries purchased the English premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover (the maker of Jaguar and Land Rover cars) and the South Korean commercial vehicle manufacturer Tata Daewoo. Tata Motors has a bus-manufacturing joint venture with Marcopolo S.A. (Tata Marcopolo), a construction-equipment manufacturing joint venture with Hitachi (Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery), and a joint venture with Fiat Chrysler which manufactures automotive components and Fiat Chrysler and Tata branded vehicles.

Founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 with the launch of the Tata Sierra, becoming the first Indian manufacturer to achieve the capability of developing a competitive indigenous automobile. In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, the world's cheapest car. Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008.

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A Study on Budgetary Control on Milk Dairy

“Shimoga Milk Union Limited” is a cooperative sector undertaking, engaged in the processing of Milk & manufacturing the Milk products, it recently launched three new variants of Nandini Milk. The Shimoga milk union is located in the central part of Karnataka. The corporate office of the union is based at Machenalli, covering three districts of Shimoga, Davangere and Chitradurga.
The Budgetary Control is playing a vital role in the organization. The role of Budgetary Control is the essence of a business. The information is the blood and Budgetary Control is the heart. In the body the hart plays the role of supplying pure blood to all the elements of the body including the brain. The Budgetary Control plays exactly the same role in the organization. The system ensures that an appropriate data is collected from the various sources, processed and sent further to all the needy destinations.

The system is expected to fulfill information needs of an individual, a group of individual, a group of financial functionaries, the managers and the top management. So the Budgetary Control is very important in modern organizations. Thus, I have been chosen the Budgetary Control as the specific area of the study. Therefore, a study has been taken up on “A STUDY ON BUDGETARY CONTOL OF SHIMUL”.

The study is taken for “Shimoga milk Union ltd” wherein an attempt has been made to understand the Budgetary Control and a small study has been under taken. So as to get an insight into Budgetary control.

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An Effective Study on Promotional Activities of Nandini Milk

Sales promotion is an important component of a small business's overall marketing strategy, along with advertising, public relations, and personal selling. The American Marketing Association (AMA) defines sales promotion as "media and non-media marketing pressure applied for a predetermined, limited period of time in order to stimulate trial, increase consumer demand, or improve product quality." But this definition does not capture all the elements of modern sales promotion. One should add that effective sales promotion increases the basic value of a product for a limited time and directly stimulates consumer purchasing, selling effectiveness, or the effort of the sales force. It can be used to inform, persuade, and remind target customers about the business and its marketing mix. Some common types of sales promotion include samples, coupons, sweepstakes, contests, in-store displays, trade shows, price-off deals, premiums, and rebates.

Businesses can target sales promotions at three different audiences: consumers, resellers, and the company's own sales force. Sales promotion acts as a competitive weapon by providing an extra incentive for the target audience to purchase or support one brand over another. It is particularly effective in spurring product trial and unplanned purchases. Most marketers believe that a given product or service has an established perceived price or value, and they use sales promotion to change this price-value relationship by increasing the value and/or lowering the price. Compared to the other components of the marketing mix (advertising, publicity, and personal selling), sales promotion usually operates on a shorter time line, uses a more rational appeal, returns a tangible or real value, fosters an immediate sale, and contributes highly to profitability.

In determining the relative importance to place on sales promotion in the overall marketing mix, a small business should consider its marketing budget, the stage of the product in its life cycle, the nature of competition in the market, the target of the promotion, and the nature of the product. For example, sales promotion and direct mail are particularly attractive alternatives when the marketing budget is limited, as it is for many small businesses. In addition, sales promotion can be an effective tool in a highly competitive market, when the objective is to convince retailers to carry

Product or influence consumers to select it over those of competitors. 

Similarly, sales promotion is often used in the growth and maturity stages of the product life cycle to stimulate consumers and resellers to choose that product over the competition—rather than in the introduction stage, when mass advertising to build awareness might be more important. Finally, sales promotion tends to work best when it is applied to impulse items whose features can be judged at the point of purchase, rather than more complex, expensive items that might require hands-on demonstration.

At present in this competitive business world the milk industry has more brands in the battle field facing stiff competition in every segment’s targeted. Even brand Nandini is also facing stiff competition to retain brand in the market.

There are many players in the market in this industry and their own promotional strategies where is to inducing the different consumer segment. Hence due to this it is crucial to analyze the promotional strategies of Nandini and its competitors to penetrate the targeted market.

In this juncture it has to identify its competitors in this market by bringing brand awareness in the minds of consumers and also it has to cope up with the updated advertising and sales promotional strategies.

Through this study, the main problem that it studies during this project work is to find out the effectiveness of the reach of different sales promotion techniques to the consumers and the awareness of brand among the consumers of Hassan district.

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